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King Henry VIII’s chief minister, Thomas Cromwell, was executed the same day Henry married his fifth wife, Catherine Howard.

The Spanish Armada, which had sailed to England in hopes of overthrowing Queen Elizabeth I but found itself besieged by the defending English Navy, came under attack off Calais by fire ships under the command of Lord Charles Howard of Effingham. The next day, off Gravelines, the English devastated the Armada.

The 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution guaranteeing due process of law, was declared in effect.

Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia.

A U.S. Army bomber crashed into the 79th floor of New York’s Empire State Building, killing 14 people.

An earthquake devastated northern China, killing at least 242,000 people, according to an official estimate.

600,000 attended the “Summer Jam” rock festival at Watkins Glen, New York.